90 days to Digital Fort Knox begins with Congress, which set a deadline for Treasury to stipulate a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and a companion custody plan that may govern federal digital asset holdings.
The reported FY2026 Monetary Companies and Normal Authorities invoice, H.R. 5166, directs Treasury to ship a practicability report on a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and a U.S. Digital Asset Stockpile inside 90 days of enactment and to file, on the identical schedule, a technical plan for custody and cybersecurity that features therapy on the federal stability sheet, the position of the Forfeiture Fund, and an inventory of potential third-party custodians.
A March govt motion already described the reserve idea and a federal stockpile framework, in addition to the appropriations language layers in timelines, reporting necessities, and operational element.
A ahead view activates float, flows, and the brand new ETF plumbing
Spot Bitcoin exchange-traded merchandise gained permission for in-kind creations and redemptions on July 29, which lets approved individuals transfer bitcoin immediately as an alternative of changing to money.
This adjustment reduces major market frictions for creations and redemptions, and it will probably change the best way liquidity shocks move by to the spot market as a result of issuers and market makers can assemble and break baskets with fewer money conversions.
As of September 17, U.S. spot Bitcoin ETFs held about 1.318 million BTC, and web inflows over the prior 30 days have been about 20,958 BTC.
Towards post-halving issuance of roughly 3.125 BTC per block, about 450 BTC per day, new provide throughout a 90-day coverage window is about 40,500 BTC.
The Strategic Bitcoin Reserve query is whether or not Treasury’s posture – maintain, web purchase, or lend – provides to the prevailing ETF sink, stands apart, or offers borrowing to market makers that deepen order books with out including outright gross sales.
Holdings reconciliation shapes the beginning stock for any reserve.
In keeping with U.S. Marshals Service disclosures obtained through FOIA, USMS at the moment controls roughly 29,000 BTC which have moved by its forfeiture pipeline.
In keeping with Arkham Intelligence, whole Bitcoin beneath U.S. authorities management throughout companies is nearer to about 198,000 BTC, together with long-running Silk Street seizures, Bitfinex recoveries, and different instances the place authorized course of and sufferer restitution timelines differ by matter.
The hole between about 29,000 and about 198,000 BTC displays company scope, authorized finality and staging slightly than a single pockets, and H.R. 5166 explicitly asks Treasury to clarify switch authorities and Forfeiture Fund impacts, which means that interagency consolidation is a coverage variable, not an accounting footnote.
The coverage lever then turns into posture. A pure maintain stance would consolidate lastly forfeited bitcoin right into a named reserve account, with out new purchases or lending.
If 29,000 BTC have been consolidated and locked, the tradable float would shrink by that quantity instantly, whereas miners add about 40,500 BTC over 90 days, so web float would nonetheless develop until ETF and different sinks outpace issuance.
If authorized finality and switch mechanics moved a bigger slice, for instance, 100,000 BTC, the one-time float discount would exceed three months of recent issuance, which might change order e-book depth and the value influence of huge orders in stress.
Tutorial work on free float and liquidity exhibits that decrease free float can increase market influence for a given order dimension, which interprets on this context to bigger intraday slippage when order books skinny throughout sell-offs or squeezes.
Order e-book depth and slippage swing materially round stress occasions, which helps a story the place float adjustments and ETF plumbing work together to change realized volatility.
A web purchaser posture would goal predictable accumulation with budget-neutral mechanics that use lastly forfeited proceeds or approved transfers slightly than new appropriations.
Schedule to absord miner issuance
A easy schedule, for instance, about 137 BTC per day, roughly 12,300 BTC throughout 90 days, would soak up practically a 3rd of miner issuance throughout the identical interval. Pair that with latest ETF web inflows, and the mixed sink can outpace issuance with out advert hoc bursts of demand.
The SEC’s in-kind regime lowers hedging prices for approved individuals, which, mixed with a gentle reserve bid, can scale back creation and redemption slippage that beforehand amplified money conversions into spot prints throughout circulation surges.
A structured lending posture would keep away from outright gross sales or web shopping for, and as an alternative lengthen term-limited, collateralized loans of bitcoin stock to market makers and ETF-authorized individuals.
That stock helps in-kind baskets, market-making stock, and borrow availability for foundation trades.
Float doesn’t fall into this setup, but depth can enhance on the high of the e-book, and realized volatility can ease throughout redemptions as a result of individuals can supply cash by borrowing slightly than compelled purchases.
The trade-off is governance and credit score coverage, together with haircuts, eligible collateral, and transparency round counterparties, which H.R. 5166 anticipates by its custody and cybersecurity plan requirement.
These posture selections work together with ETF flows and issuance, and the coverage math is easy.
The desk under frames a 90-day window utilizing latest ETF knowledge, issuance, and illustrative reserve actions.
| Treasury posture | SBR web circulation (90d) | ETF web circulation (90d)* | New issuance (90d) | Web Δ tradable float (≈ SBR + ETF − Issuance) | Seemingly market impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HODL 29k consolidation | +29,000 (lockup) | +20,000 (30D run-rate ×3 ≈ +63k; use conservative +20k)** | 40,500 | +8,500 | Gentle sink; supportive |
| HODL 100k consolidation | +100,000 | +20,000 | 40,500 | +79,500 | Robust sink; tighter float |
| Web-buy 12k (≈137 BTC/day) | +12,300 | +20,000 | 40,500 | −8,200 | Close to balanced; depends upon flows |
| Web-buy 30k | +30,000 | +60,000 | 40,500 | +49,500 | Clear sink; bullish bias |
| Lending 50k line (no sale) | ~0 (no web sale) | +20,000 | 40,500 | −20,500 | Impartial to slight provide progress; however decrease vol through depth |
* ETF web circulation proven over a 90-day horizon.
** 30-day run price scaled ×3 suggests ≈ +63k; utilizing conservative +20k.
Consolidation rows deal with reserve transfers as float reductions that aren’t obtainable to commerce, which is helpful for framing market influence.
The lending row exhibits a path the place float doesn’t decline, but order e-book resilience can enhance. The ETF column ought to be refreshed at publication utilizing the identical WalletPilot tracker, and the issuance column holds until the block manufacturing price shifts.
Macro context helps body the U.S. selection
Germany’s federal police liquidated about 50,000 BTC in mid-2024, a sale path that ended earlier than the next rally and now anchors public debate about timing, proceeds, and loss versus maintain methods.
El Salvador continues to function a nationwide bitcoin place in parallel with an IMF program, which exhibits that reserve coverage can coexist with orthodox funding preparations when disclosures, custody, and operational controls are clear.
The Philippines has a invoice on the desk that may construct a ten,000 BTC reserve over a number of years with lockups, which presents a staged template for accumulation and governance disclosures.
Though these cross-market instances aren’t direct analogues, they’re helpful comparators for cadence, transparency, and coverage aims.
The custody stack is unlikely to start out from scratch. Per public contracting information, the U.S. Marshals Service maintains an institutional custody relationship with Coinbase Prime for seized digital belongings. H.R. 5166 requires the Treasury to stock third-party custody choices in its 90-day plan, together with cyber controls and stability sheet presentation.
The sensible query, due to this fact, shifts from whether or not the federal authorities can custody Bitcoin to how reserve guidelines, accounting, and interagency transfers shall be structured as soon as Congress finalizes the car that triggers the reporting clock.
Flows and plumbing set the ahead path for volatility
Digital asset funds noticed multi-billion greenback inflows by late summer season, with the U.S. main, which retains the ETF sink lively.
The present ETF base already removes greater than 1,000,000 bitcoin from tradable circulation, and in-kind operations decrease conversion frictions for future creations and redemptions.
If the Treasury adopts a pure maintain posture with sizeable consolidation, realized volatility can rise in stress as free float falls, whereas a lending posture can blunt stress by boosting borrow with out gross sales.
A web purchaser posture, even at modest scale, can flip the mixed ETF plus reserve bid right into a persistent sink that absorbs issuance most weeks, which tightens the stability between obtainable provide and passive demand.
The headline clock is actual, but it begins solely after enactment.
In keeping with Congress.gov, H.R. 5166 requires the Treasury to ship a practicability research for a Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and a custody and cybersecurity structure inside 90 days of the invoice turning into regulation, with specific therapy of switch authorities, the Forfeiture Fund, and third-party custodians.
